family as a systemHave you ever thought about what you andDo your family members resemble a single organism? There are a huge number of invisible connections between you, and they explain that the family as a system is integral. If something happens to one of you, it affects everyone. And this is not some kind of magic, but a completely scientific fact, which formed the basis of an entire direction in family psychology. Many family consultants use a systemic approach in their work, and this really helps many families solve their problems. After reading this article, you, like them, will be able to improve the climate and relationships within your social unit without turning to a psychologist.

Features of the family system

The family as a system has a number of properties. Во-первых, семья — это нечто большее, чем просто сумма составляющих ее частей. В нее могут входить мама, папа, ребенок и другие члены, но она ими не исчерпывается: есть еще отношения между ними, семейная история, семейный климат, главные и второстепенные правила и семейные мифы. От всех этих вещей зависит качество жизни вашей и ваших домочадцев. Внутри семьи существует огромное количество взаимосвязей. Это означает, что если вы хотите улучшить семейную атмосферу, вам надо изменить отношения и поведение всех домочадцев. Семья очень сильно влияет на жизнь и состояние ее членов. Это влияние настолько сильно, что каждый из них поодиночке может иметь одно намерение, а по факту получать что-то совершенно другое — что-то, что подчиняется законам данной конкретной семьи. Например, родители могут хотеть детям исключительно добра, но строить свои отношения с ними так, что дети вырастут несчастными или инфантильными. Семье необходимо взаимодействие с окружающей средой. Согласитесь, современная семья просто не выживет, если мама не будет ходить за продуктами, отец — на работу, а дети в школу. В семьях, которые пытаются отделиться от общества и являются закрытыми, всегда полно различных проблем: наркомания, нервные расстройства, неудачи в личной жизни ее членов и многое другое. Очень интересным является тот факт, что на вашу семью оказывает влияние не только реальность вокруг вас, но и семьи ваших с мужем родителей. Например, многие порядки и правила, которые, казалось бы, сами возникают в вашей жизни, на самом деле идут оттуда. На этой почве в молодых семьях часто возникают конфликты: жена привыкла, что в ее семье были одни традиции, а муж привык к совершенно другим. И каждому из них его способ жизни кажется единственно правильным. Разобраться в такой ситуации порой бывает очень нелегко даже со стороны. Но это еще не самый страшный вариант. Гораздо хуже, если по наследству от родителей вашей семье достались такие неприятные явления как алкоголизм или психосоматические болезни. Бывает и так, что в молодую семью переходят проблемы, нерешенные в старой. Например, у дочери были проблемы с ее отцом: они постоянно ссорились и никак не могли найти общий язык. Проходит время, она выходит замуж, но отношения со своим мужем она выстраивает по образу и подобию отношений, сложившихся с отцом. Не надо быть экстрасенсом, чтобы предугадать, что они не будут счастливыми. Каждая семья имеет свои границы — это некие правила и предписания , в рамках которых она живет (кому, что и когда делать). Они могут быть внешними, отделяющими семью от окружающей реальности, и внутренними, отграничивающими семейные подсистемы друг от друга (супруги, дети и т.д. …). Границы могут быть жесткими и размытыми. Если внешние границы семьи жесткие, то все взаимодействия членов семьи с миром бывают жестко регламентированы: кто и как часто приходит в гости, можно ли бывать в обществе без супруга, насколько родители супругов могут вмешиваться в их жизнь и т.д. … Размытые внешние границы тоже не сулят ничего хорошего: дом очень часто превращается в проходной двор, а семейные нравы оказываются настолько свободными, что кого-то это может не устраивать. Жесткие внутренние границы означают мало поддающиеся изменениям правила для всех членов семьи. Поведение каждого должно быть подчинено четкому расписанию, а любые отклонения будут осуждаться. Например, ребенку положено ложиться спать в десять часов, после чего он должен быть в кровати, и к нему никто не подойдет, что бы ни случилось. Размытые внутренние границы — это всегда полное отсутствие личностного пространства у членов семьи. Нет никакой возможности уединиться и побыть одному. Все, что происходит в одной подсистеме, тут же переходит в другую. Например, если у супругов проблемы и они поссорились, то ребенок сразу же начинает болеть. Все семьи по большому счету подчиняются двум законам — закону развития и закону равновесия. Парадоксально, но они противоположны по направленности действия. Закон равновесия способствует сохранению существующего порядка вещей в семье любым путем. Даже если всем членам семьи очень плохо, они бессознательно будут вести себя так, чтобы сохранить этот порядок. Каждому может казаться, что лучше худая стабильность, чем внезапные перемены. Именно из-за этого во многих семьях, где есть очевидные проблемы, эти проблемы могут сохраняться годами, все сильнее и сильнее изматывая членов семьи. А закон развития состоит в том, что семья как функциональная система не стоит на месте, а пытается прожить свой собственный жизненный цикл. О том, какие стадии в него входят, будет написано чуть ниже. На стороне закона развития работают такие неизбежные вещи, как вступление в брак, рождение детей, процессы старения и умирания. family as a functional system

Family Life Cycle

Family does not appear out of nowhere and does not disappear intonowhere. As already mentioned, it is similar to an organism, and like any organism, it has its own life cycle. A family is born, grows, matures and gradually fades into oblivion, becoming the soil for the creation of new families. This circle of life is endless and continuous. It includes certain stages that almost every family goes through - of course, unless something abruptly interrupts its existence:

  • The monad stage is the premarital period.It begins with the acquisition of independence by a boy and a girl. They learn to communicate with the opposite sex and choose a partner. Each of the people who will create a family in the future lives their own life and gains their own experience. Sometimes this period is delayed because young people do not want to get married because of problems within the parental family. And sometimes, on the contrary, they hurry to gain independence.
  • Stage of the dyad. At this stage, marriage is concluded and life without children is carried out. The couple begins to live together and faces the problems described above: different habits, lifestyle and traditions. They must agree on what rules their family will live and how their social status will change in connection with the creation of the family. They also have to decide questions about family boundaries, habits, lifestyle, values ​​and finances. All this is impossible without holding a huge number of negotiations and establishing a number of agreements.
  • The triad stage when the child appears.On the one hand, this makes the family more stable, and on the other - the distance between the spouses increases due to more attention to the child. The burden on the shoulders of young parents increases. The mother is forced to sleep little and look after the baby around the clock, while keeping the house clean and tidy. The problem of self-realization becomes relevant for her: many young mothers feel that life is passing them by while they are sitting with the child. The father, in turn, must work more, and after work - sit with the child, giving the wife time for other things. Fatigue accumulates, and this inevitably leads to conflicts. It is very bad if the child is unwanted, and the spouses are not yet ready for his appearance - in this case, the probability of divorce is high. A feature of this period is the formation of parental roles. They differ from marital ones in that the role of husband or wife can be abandoned, and the role of parent is forever.
  • Square stage, the birth of the 2nd child.The new family member pushes out the 1st child - as if the younger one is dethroning the older one, depriving him of the authority to solely possess the father and mother. In such families, strong jealousy, tension and envy often arise. The older child is faced with a situation where the younger one gets everything, and he gets nothing. Parents need to explain everything in detail to the older child: where the younger one came from, how to treat him and why all these changes are necessary. They will have to organize family life in such a way that the older one does not feel forgotten and unloved.
  • The stage of going to school. It begins with the advent of the youngest child in the first grade. At this stage, the family as an educational system is tested for effectiveness. If during the whole first grade the child copes with the load, it means that the family is on the right track. Conversely, if there are problems in the first class, this indicates the problem of the family. It is important to remember that the family can perform its functions well for a long time, and at some stage there may be problems. Parents solve a number of issues related to the child: comprehensive development or choice of employment in interests and inclinations, accustoming to domestic duties, some inconsistency of reality with ideals. In addition, parents for the first time are faced with the fact that their children will ever leave them, and they will remain alone.
  • Stage of adolescent children of adolescence. This period is filled with crises for all members of the family. The older generation, or grandparents, is preparing to retire. Secondary, or parents-spouses, enter a mid-life crisis, connected with the summing up of intermediate results and revaluation of values. Children enter a transitional age. The law of equilibrium seriously disagrees with the law of development. The family is trying to maintain its former status, but the need for change is strong. On the one hand, the teenager is looking for himself, gradually becoming an adult and independent, on the other hand, the family tries to keep his status as a member of the family. Accordingly, a family in which there is a child of adolescence should release it to the outside world, but at the same time remain a reliable rear for him, where he can heal his wounds, tell about everything. Also, the transitional age of adolescents is combined with the crisis of the rest of the family. Normally, after passing through this stage, the child is partially separated from the family.
  • Stage of the elderly dyad - empty-heart syndromenests. Children are less and less at home, and it may turn out that either through them the parents got used to communicating with each other, or care for them and love for them united the spouses. Often, old disagreements and problems, the solution of which was postponed due to the birth of children, are exacerbated. It is much more difficult to solve these problems now, because both the husband and wife are adults with established habits and views. Typical for this stage is the experience of anxiety, loss of love, disappointment in the partner. Because of all this, an exacerbation of existing problems, for example, drunkenness or going "to the left", can occur. Empty nest syndrome is a signal of approaching old age. It happens that the life of adult children does not meet the expectations of their parents, which gives rise to even greater disagreements. Often, family troubles are complicated by the retirement of the spouses. They suddenly have a huge amount of free time, which they do not know what to spend on. Women, as a rule, adapt better to the role of a pensioner, because there are fewer changes in their lives: we still remain housewives, responsible for the family budget and leisure. The man usually plays the role of the "breadwinner", and with retirement this role loses its significance. Often in families during this period there is a quiet revolution, as a result of which power completely passes to the wife. This has a negative impact on the atmosphere in the family, since there is a fixation on everyday life and routine. A harmonious version of experiencing the "retirement" stage is the search for new areas and opportunities for self-realization, respect for the goals set by the other spouse and his support and assistance in achieving them.
  • The stage of the elderly monad - after the death of oneof the spouses. This is always hard to experience, because it is not just a loss, but also a reminder of your imminent death. The surviving spouse must adapt to life alone. Because of this, it is necessary to change the established way of life and habits. Psychologists distinguish several fairly typical options for the lifestyle of a widow or widower. The first option is living in the past: retreating into memories of how good life was, losing the purpose in life and giving up on the future, leading to loneliness. The second option is living in anticipation of death: preparing for a “meeting with a spouse”, turning to religion, accepting and waiting for death. The third option is egocentrism: a person concentrates on his own health and well-being, making his desires come true. The fourth option is attempts at self-realization in professional or social activities. The fifth is in increasing the intensity of communication with family and loved ones: friends, children and grandchildren, caring for them. The sixth is remarriage and the creation of a new family.
  • family as an educational system

    Features of family life in Russia

    There are a lot of books on family psychologywritten by foreign authors, and the advice voiced in them may seem very, very effective. However, when reading such works, one must not forget about the specifics of the Russian family, which can negate many theories of Western psychologists. What are the features of a family living in Russia?

    • In the West, it is generally accepted that family ismother, father and children. Grandmothers, grandfathers, uncles and aunts live in separate families, and their influence is very limited. In our country, in most cases, everything happens differently: these relatives live together, under one roof, and even in a very small area. The head of the family is often not the father or mother, but the grandmother or grandfather, and everything is even more confused due to financial dependence on each other.
    • In many generations of our families there are nomen. They died in the war, perish from alcoholism or simply abandon their families. Because of this, Russian women usually have a predominantly female type of upbringing, which, in particular, leaves their imprint on the nature of children.
    • Thanks to the Soviet ideology, any manifestationsindividuality for a long time were banned. This is reflected in the family way of life: life, values, norms and rules are built in such a way that comfortable life and satisfaction of one's personal needs become impossible in the family.
    • Due to social instability and socialcrises, the Russian family lacks a sense of security and security. We live like a powder keg, with the thought that tomorrow everything can collapse. Because of such constant stress, aggression often occurs to each other and the desire to forget yourself in alcohol.

    How to create a healthy family climate

    Many of you will agree that family- this is a very important area in a person's life. But why is it so important? There are a lot of things in our lives that seem valuable, but the importance of family remains unchanged. That is why each of us dreams of happiness, comfort and well-being in her family. What can help in solving this difficult task? Do not forget about the order in the family subsystems. The marital subsystem arises before the parental one, accordingly, you are first of all spouses, and only then parents. Find time to be together, maintain intimacy and love between you. Set family boundaries - both external and internal. Ideally, they should be flexible. For example, you do not like it when your husband's friends come to you unexpectedly and in a crowd. You can agree that they will not do this all the time, but once a month is ok. Or: the child sleeps separately in his room, but when he is sad or scared, he can come to you. And so on - any rules can be flexible and take into account the needs of all family members. Remember about responsibility. Everything that happens within your family is the result of the behavior of all its members, not just one of them. If you have serious problems with your husband because he constantly spends time outside the family, most likely, you provoke him to do this. There is no need to look for who is right and who is guilty - it is better to discuss this problem with your husband and start solving it first of all with yourself. Get into “someone else’s” skin. Sometimes it seems to us that we are in a disadvantageous position, unlike our spouse. For example, we sit all day with a small child, cook and clean. And your husband goes for a walk with friends after work! But think about it, it is not easy for him either: he worries about how to provide for you and does some of the housework. Maybe he has the right to a little break? Try not to “nag” him and understand, and he will certainly want to repay you in kind. No one in the family is obliged to be perfect and fully meet the expectations of the other. Keep this in mind when you demand something from your child or your husband. Washing your hands before eating is a norm that is not discussed, but who to communicate with or who to study - these are questions on which each person has the right to their own opinion. We recommend reading:

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