You only know about it theoreticallysuch nausea in the morning, you fit into all your jeans and skirts absolutely freely, you don’t know what pigment spots and stretch marks are. However, you already have a test with two treasured stripes that confirm that from now on you are a happy pregnant woman. The miracle that now lives inside you is still very tiny, and only the most sensitive medical equipment can record its presence. However, this fact in no way interferes with your communication with it, you are already thinking up a name for the future baby, looking at fantastically beautiful clothes, strollers and cribs, imagining your baby in them. However, to our great regret, often this joyful expectation, the most real euphoria, is mercilessly cut short by such a terrible and tragic phenomenon as a miscarriage. As statistics from obstetricians and gynecologists show, about 20%, that is, every fifth pregnancy, ends in a spontaneous miscarriage. In fairness, it should be noted that in most cases, miscarriages occur at very early stages, when a woman does not even suspect that she is pregnant. Signs of a miscarriage at an early stage of up to 2 weeks of pregnancy are practically absent. But, unfortunately, sometimes this misfortune awaits those women who have already fallen in love with their unborn baby with all their hearts. In such a situation, any words of comfort will be powerless, and only time can help a woman cope with her pain. Time and the realization that very soon she can try again and get pregnant again. However, in order for the tragedy not to happen again, a woman should know what exactly the process of spontaneous termination of pregnancy is, what factors provoke its onset and how to avoid it. This is what will be discussed in this article about spontaneous miscarriages that occur in the early stages of pregnancy - during the first 12 weeks. Miscarriages in the later stages are much less common. Most often, the threat of miscarriage in the early stages exists in the presence of the following problems:
- Presence of genetic disorders in the fetus.
According to geneticists, approximately 75% of allSpontaneous abortions occur precisely because the embryo has various variants of genetic disorders. However, there is no need to be afraid - in most cases, these genetic defects are random. The cause of such mutations can be a variety of environmental factors - exposure to various viruses, radiation, etc. And a pregnancy that is interrupted for this reason is a kind of "natural selection" that nature needs to get rid of non-viable and sick offspring. Most often, it is almost impossible to avoid such miscarriages. And is it worth it? After all, if nature itself is trying to avoid the birth of such a child, it means that he really suffers from serious pathologies, possibly completely incompatible with life. After all, if nature itself provokes a miscarriage, the reasons are quite serious. The only thing you can do in this situation is to try to avoid its occurrence long before the expected pregnancy by visiting a doctor - a geneticist who will give you advice on how to do this or, at least, reduce the risk to a possible minimum. However, unfortunately, given the large number of negative impacts of various factors in the modern world, the risk of developing such gene mutations always remains.
- Violation of the hormonal background in a pregnant woman.
In the event that a woman who is onin the early stages of pregnancy, for some reason, the normal hormonal background of the body is disrupted, spontaneous termination of pregnancy is possible. Most often, miscarriages are a consequence of a lack of the most important hormone in the pregnant woman's body - progesterone. However, if this problem is detected in a timely manner, the pregnancy can be saved in most cases. For this, the gynecologist-endocrinologist prescribes a course of treatment with hormonal pharmacological drugs to the pregnant woman. There is also another fairly common hormonal problem - this is an increased content of male sex hormones in the body of a pregnant woman. These hormones significantly reduce the normal production of progesterone and estrogens, which are responsible for the normal development and course of pregnancy. In addition, the hormones produced by the adrenal cortex and thyroid gland are also responsible for the successful course of pregnancy. Be sure to monitor the condition of these organs before pregnancy. Quite often, spontaneous miscarriage in the early stages is caused by this reason.
- The causes of the immunological nature
Sometimes a pregnant woman experiences thiscomplication, such as Rhesus conflict. This occurs if the fetus inherited a negative Rhesus factor from the father, and the mother has a positive Rhesus factor. As a result, the pregnant woman's body perceives the fetus as something foreign to it and begins to reject them. In such a case, to prevent spontaneous abortion, doctors also use drugs containing the hormone progesterone, which in this case is a powerful immunomodulator, to treat the pregnant woman.
- The presence of various infections in the mother.
There are currently a huge number ofvarious sexually transmitted infections that cause spontaneous abortion in the early stages. These are infections such as toxoplasmosis, chlamydia, trichomoniasis, syphilis, gonorrhea and many others. It is also impossible not to mention infections such as herpes and cytomegalovirus, which are the culprits of miscarriage in the early stages of pregnancy in about 20% of all cases of spontaneous abortion. A woman who plans to become a mother should remember that a large number of different infections can often occur without any signs of the disease, that is, asymptomatically. This is why it is so important before you decide to become pregnant, be sure to undergo a full examination of the body, including for the presence of sexually transmitted infections. Miscarriage occurs as a result of the fact that pathogenic viruses and bacteria lead to infection of the embryo and damage to the fetal membranes. To avoid this, you need to undergo a course of treatment before pregnancy. If this cannot be avoided, treatment should be started as soon as possible to reduce the risk and degree of negative impact on the fetus.
- The general weakened state of health of a pregnant woman and the presence of her chronic diseases of internal organs.
In the event that a woman at the very beginningpregnancy falls ill with any disease that is accompanied by intoxication of the body and a significant increase in body temperature, there is a very high probability that the pregnancy will be terminated spontaneously. The most dangerous diseases are flu, viral hepatitis and rubella. However, even the most common sore throat or runny nose suffered in the first weeks of pregnancy can provoke a miscarriage. It is not even worth talking about such serious diseases as pyelonephritis, pneumonia or appendicitis. Such diseases are a very serious complication that threatens the successful course of pregnancy and the birth of a healthy child. It is very important to undergo a complete medical examination before planning a pregnancy. This measure is necessary in order to identify all foci of chronic inflammation in the woman's body and promptly begin treatment aimed at eliminating them. But even if it was not possible to get rid of chronic diseases before pregnancy, it is necessary to consult a doctor as soon as possible.
- The presence of a woman in an anamnesis of abortion.
Very many women, for some reason or another,had abortions. An abortion is not just a surgical intervention in a woman's body, but a very serious stress for it. As a result of an artificial termination of pregnancy, complications such as significant dysfunction of the adrenal cortex, ovaries and the occurrence of various inflammatory processes of the genitals arise in a woman's body. All these complications caused by abortions very often lead to a disruption of the normal process of bearing subsequent pregnancies. Both habitual miscarriages and secondary infertility are all consequences of artificial abortions. That is why it is so important to protect yourself from unwanted pregnancies. And if you still could not avoid an abortion, when the next pregnancy occurs, inform your gynecologist that you have previously terminated a pregnancy.
- Acceptance of a pregnant woman with medicines and certain rights.
As everyone knows, medicineshave the ability to penetrate the placental barrier and have a negative effect on the fetus. Taking medications is especially dangerous in the first trimester (the first twelve weeks) of pregnancy. This is explained very simply - it is during this period that all vital organs of the fetus are laid and formed. And if during this period the fetus is exposed to medications, it is possible to form fetal developmental defects and, as a result, premature termination of pregnancy. The most dangerous are painkillers containing codeine, some antibiotics, hormonal contraceptives, especially Postinor. If during pregnancy, while you did not yet know about it, you took these medications, be sure to inform your doctor - gynecologist about it. Such pregnancies require more careful monitoring by doctors. And, if such a need arises, drugs for the threat of miscarriage should also be prescribed only by a doctor. A completely false belief is very widespread that a woman needs to be treated with traditional medicine, that is, herbs. In fact, a pregnant woman should be extremely careful with the use of herbs. Many herbs have a very strong negative impact on the body of a pregnant woman and the formation of the fetus. The most dangerous herbs in the early stages are: tansy, St. John's wort, nettle. Also, a pregnant woman should remember that such a harmless seasoning as the familiar parsley often causes an increase in the tone of the uterus and, as a result, spontaneous termination of pregnancy.
- Stressful situations.
The causes of early miscarriage are oftenare banal. Very often, various stressful situations have an extremely negative impact on the normal course of pregnancy. Such a stressful situation can be the death of a loved one, divorce or tense relations with relatives. However, loved ones should remember that under the influence of certain hormones, the emotional background of a pregnant woman becomes very, very unstable. And even the most insignificant reason can cause severe stress - an accidentally dropped word or a broken cup. If, for some life circumstances, a pregnant woman is still forced to undergo various stressful situations, she needs to tell her doctor about the situation, who will prescribe sedatives that have a beneficial effect on the state of the nervous system. In no case should you take any sedatives on your own, since many of them can cause significant harm to the fetus and provoke a spontaneous abortion.
- Heavy physical stress on the body of a pregnant woman.
Although, contrary to popular belief,lifting weights and other physical activity provoke spontaneous abortion in only 5% of all cases of miscarriages, such a danger should not be ignored under any circumstances. Try to avoid heavy physical work during pregnancy, and if this is impossible, try to evenly distribute the load, alternating it with rest. And it is absolutely unacceptable to lift heavy objects. The maximum permissible weight for a pregnant woman is five kilograms. However, very often the actual weight of bags with groceries is several times greater. And if there is already an older child in the family, then dragging sleds, strollers, bicycles becomes a sacred mother's duty. But you should not do this - it is better to ask one of your friends, neighbors or relatives. Especially if the woman already has symptoms of a threatened miscarriage.
- Fall and other injuries of a pregnant woman.
Unfortunately, sometimes life turns out this wayin such a way that a pregnant woman can also find herself in an extreme situation, for example, get into a car accident or simply slip and fall. As a rule, in such situations, the fetus suffers extremely rarely, since it is well protected - by amniotic fluid, and the walls of the amniotic sac, and the mother's muscle mass and her fat layer. However, if such a misfortune happens to you, still play it safe and seek medical help.
- Adopting a hot tub.
Very rarely, but still, sometimes the reasonA miscarriage can be caused by a pregnant woman overusing baths with excessively hot water and staying in them for a long time. Of course, no one is calling on a pregnant woman to give up taking a bath altogether, but she needs to remember simple precautions. In particular, the water should not be too hot, and the duration of the bath should not exceed 15 minutes. Otherwise, there is a risk of spontaneous abortion.
- Unhealthy lifestyle of a pregnant woman.
The course of pregnancy is very negativeThe presence of such habits in a pregnant woman as smoking or alcohol abuse affects this. But the lack of walks in the fresh air, daily routine, and abuse of caffeine-containing drinks also have a very negative effect not only on the health of a pregnant woman, but also on the development of the fetus. Otherwise, spontaneous termination of pregnancy is also possible.
Symptoms of miscarriage
Often, miscarriage can be avoided ifseek medical help promptly. But in order to do this, a pregnant woman must know in which case she needs to go to the doctor immediately. Below we will talk specifically about the symptoms and signs of an incipient miscarriage. Early miscarriage symptoms include the following:
Stages of miscarriage
Spontaneous termination of pregnancy is divided by doctors into its various stages:
- The first stage is the stage of a threatening spontaneous abortion.
This stage is characterized by the appearance of achingpain in the lumbar region and/or lower abdomen. After this, slight bloody discharge from the genital tract may appear. If such signs appear, the woman should immediately call an ambulance or seek help at a medical facility herself. If immediate treatment is started at this stage, then in most cases the pregnancy can be saved. Some women are in this condition for almost the entire pregnancy.
- The second stage is the stage of abortion.
This stage is characterized by the appearancenoticeable pain in the sacrum and abdomen. The pain is cramping. Following the pain, there is bloody discharge from the genital tract, which significantly increases with the woman's movements. Soon the woman begins to complain of a feeling of weakness and severe dizziness. However, even at this stage of spontaneous abortion, the pregnancy can still be saved if you immediately seek medical help. That is why with any, even the most minor bleeding, immediate medical care is simply necessary. Of course, in some cases, treatment is carried out at home. But most often in such situations, gynecologists prefer to place the woman for inpatient treatment in gynecological departments. A pregnant woman should never refuse the proposed hospitalization. You should also not be afraid of hormonal treatment offered by doctors - after all, most often it is hormonal imbalances that threaten the normal course of pregnancy. And the hormonal background simply needs to be normalized - thus, the factor provoking the threat of termination of pregnancy will disappear. And the hormones that doctors inject you with are exactly the same ones that he would have received naturally if the pregnant woman had no hormonal imbalances. Only these stages of spontaneous abortion are reversible. All the others have no reversal and inevitably lead to the loss of the child.
- The third stage of spontaneous abortion is a miscarriage in progress.
In the stage of spontaneous interruptionpregnancy, a woman feels a sharp and severe pain in the lower abdomen and lower back. The pain is accompanied by significant blood loss. At this stage of miscarriage, the fertilized egg dies, and it is no longer possible to maintain the pregnancy. But sometimes the death of the miscarriage occurs several days before the onset of miscarriage. In this case, the fertilized egg will not leave the uterus entirely, like a round grayish bubble, but in parts. This phenomenon is called - incomplete miscarriage.
- The fourth stage of spontaneous abortion is an accomplished abortion.
After the dead fertilized egg is left withoutthe remainder is expelled from the uterine cavity, it begins to contract, restoring its previous size. Bleeding after the expulsion of the fertilized egg and contraction of the uterus almost completely stops. A complete miscarriage must be confirmed by ultrasound. In addition, gynecologists distinguish such a definition as a failed miscarriage. In this case, the fertilized egg dies under the influence of some reasons, but it is not expelled. The woman's signs of pregnancy disappear, and her general health deteriorates significantly. During an ultrasound examination, the doctor notes the death of the fetus. Another name for this phenomenon is a frozen pregnancy. If a woman has encountered such a phenomenon, the question of whether curettage is necessary after a miscarriage does not even arise - a miscarriage as such does not occur. And the only way to remove the fertilized egg and remnants is curettage of the uterine cavity.
Scraping of the uterus cavity
The topic has caused a lot of discussionвыскабливания полости матки после самопроизвольного аборта. Чистка после выкидыша зачастую считается излишней предосторожностью и игнорируется. Если происходит выкидыш в домашних условиях, очень часто женщина, заметив отторжение плода, не обращается за медицинской помощью, считая эту меру излишней, а выкидыш – завершенным. Однако на самом деле это вовсе не так. Полное изгнание плода и плодных оболочек происходит крайне редко. В большинстве случаев женщине необходимо хирургическое выскабливание полости матки для удаления остатков плодного яйца или плодных оболочек. В противном случае они немедленно начнут разлагаться, образуя замечательную питательную среду для размножения патогенных микроорганизмов, которые незамедлительно приведут к развитию различных воспалительных процессов в женском организме. Именно поэтому в любом случае после выкидыша, если он случился вне условий стационара, женщина должна обратиться за медицинской помощью. Только врач сможет объективно оценить состояние женщины, а также то, необходима ли чистка полости матки на самом деле. Ни в коем случае не отказывайтесь от выскабливания матки, если ваш врач настаивает на нем. Последствия могут быть значительно серьезнее. Прежде чем провести выскабливание полости матки с целью удаления остатков плодного яйца и его оболочек, медицинские работники проведут необходимую подготовку. Во первых, женщине будет сделана клизма и удален волосяной покров на лобке. После этого с женщиной проведет беседу врач – анестезиолог, который выяснит, какой вид анестезии оптимально подходит именно для нее. После этого врач – гинеколог, который будет производить выскабливание, проведет общий осмотр женщины, с применением зеркал для определения состояния шейки матки и слизистых влагалища. Затем также последует акушерское ручное исследование, целью которого является определение размеров матки, ее формы и расположения. Далее женщина получит анестезию. Это может быть общий наркоз, при котором женщина находится в бессознательном сознании и не осознает происходящего. Такой вид анестезии используют чаще всего – это позволяет избавить женщину от дополнительного стресса, а врачам – спокойно и быстро сделать свою работу. Однако в некоторых случаях, при наличии противопоказаний, операция проводится под местным обезболиванием. Для этого в шейку матки делаются инъекции с анестетиком, который блокирует нервные окончания, отвечающие за боль. Женщина находится на гинекологическом кресле все время операции. Перед началом манипуляций половые органы женщины будут обработаны 5 % йодным раствором. После слизистые оболочки влагалища и шейка матки будут обработаны спиртовым раствором, после чего и начинается непосредственно само выскабливание. При помощи влагалищных зеркал врач – гинеколог обнажит шейку матки женщины. После этого, в случае, если канал шейки матки открыт недостаточно, при помощи расширителей врач расширит его до нужной степени. После этого специальной кюреткой, имеющей форму ложечки, врач извлечет остатки плодного яйца или оболочек. После этого, при помощи острой кюретки врач проведет выскабливание слизистой оболочки матки. Эта мера необходима для того, чтобы исключить развитие воспалительных процессов в полости матки. После того, как будет произведено выскабливание полости матки, биологический материал в обязательном порядке будет отправлен на гистологическое исследование в лабораторию. Гистология после выкидыша просто обязательна. А если этот выкидыш – не первый, либо имеет место привычный выкидыш, то на генетическое исследование. Подобная мера поможет установить, что именно являлось причиной выкидышей. Для того чтобы послеоперационная реабилитация прошла успешно, женщина должна очень тщательно соблюдать ряд требований:
- Watch for the peculiarities of secretions from the vaginal ways. If you have any doubts, contact your doctor immediately.
- Be sure to monitor body temperature - herincrease, as a rule, signals the onset of the inflammatory process in the body. Immediately consult a doctor at the slightest increase in body temperature.
- Watch for the purity of the genitals - at leasttwice a day, wash your genitals with antiseptic solutions. Timely change the sanitary napkins to avoid the multiplication of pathogens.
Psychological rehabilitation after miscarriage
Physical recovery of the body afterAn uncomplicated miscarriage occurs on average in one to two months. However, psychological rehabilitation requires much longer. Often, a woman cannot come to terms with the loss of a child for many months, especially if the pregnancy was desired and long-awaited. If such a misfortune has happened to you, you should not withdraw into yourself, experiencing pain and despair alone. Be sure to tell your loved ones about your feelings - your husband, mother, friend. If after this you do not feel better, it would be much wiser to seek help from a psychologist. Ignoring such a problem can lead to the development of prolonged chronic depression. Separately, I would like to say about the specific mental disorder of women who have lost a child as a result of a miscarriage. Very often they have an obsessive idea that a miscarriage did not happen, and the baby was not affected during the curettage. As a rule, such women buy a pregnancy test at the pharmacy, which is often positive. In fact, after a miscarriage, the test is positive because the woman's hormonal background simply did not have time to return to its original state. But it is based on the hormone content in the urine that the test determines the presence or absence of pregnancy. And although the answer to the question "how to survive a miscarriage?" is different in each specific situation, the best way to get rid of melancholy will be the onset of a new pregnancy. However, do not forget that, in order to avoid a repeat of the tragedy, it is necessary to carefully prepare for it. A woman must undergo a full examination, take tests for all latent infections, do an ultrasound scan. And only after receiving permission from a doctor - a gynecologist is pregnancy possible after a miscarriage. And even if you fail to get pregnant on the first try, in no case should you despair. Very little time will pass, and you will again see two such long-awaited stripes on the test. And this time you will definitely go through the entire path of pregnancy from the very beginning to its happy end - until the birth of the baby. The most wonderful baby in the world - your baby! If you have encountered this problem, then you should not worry too much, as it is possible to get pregnant again! How to do this as quickly as possible, read in
