First aid in case of frostbite

Unfortunately, technological progress bringsa person not only has all the benefits of civilization that exist in our time, but also an increased risk of various injuries. That is why every modern woman should know how to provide first aid in an emergency. After all, a person's life often depends on properly provided first aid. This article describes the algorithm for providing first aid in the most common accidents. First aid for household injuries in many cases saves human lives. However, before talking about this, I would like to give general recommendations concerning all accidents without exception, be it first aid for frostbite or first aid for bleeding:

The most important thing you need to do isto calm down. Panic is your worst helper. In addition, your fear will necessarily be passed on to the injured person, who, even without this, is very hurtful and scared.
Try to stop as soon as possibleimpact of the damaging factor on the affected person's body. However, remember your own safety - for example, when exposed to a person's carbon monoxide, it should be carried to the fresh air as quickly as possible, but at the same time, do not forget to use improvised means, for example, a wet towel, for your own protection. If there is first aid in electro trauma, it is necessary to observe some simple rules, which will be discussed below.
Immediately it is necessary to call a brigade "ambulance"help ". Having called, try patiently and as more as possible to answer all questions of the dispatcher. Believe me, the dispatcher is interested in the patient's age and the circumstances of the incident, not out of idle curiosity. This information will determine which team of doctors is needed to provide as much as possible qualified assistance.
Clearly tell the dispatcher how to drive to the placeincident, if necessary, if the address is difficult to find, try to get out and meet the ambulance. This will save valuable time.
Do not hesitate to seek help from othersyou people - sometimes it is very necessary. If you are on the street, for sure people will offer their help themselves. If the misfortune happened in the room, the neighbors will not also refuse to help you, even the most elementary, for example, to meet the doctors of the ambulance.
If the affected person is conscious, be sure to try to calm him as much as possible and inspire confidence in a favorable outcome.
If a person is unconscious, be sure tocheck for his pulse and breathing. In the absence of these, immediately begin resuscitation - artificial respiration and indirect heart massage. Do not stop them before the brigade of the ambulance arrives, no matter how much time has passed.

Technique of artificial respiration and cardiac massage

Cardiac arrest is one of themost common causes of death in accidents such as drowning, poisoning, severe trauma or electric shock. And timely cardiac massage can save a person's life. However, it is very important to perform indirect cardiac massage correctly so that it has an effect. It is also necessary to take into account that cardiac massage is always performed in combination with artificial respiration. Resuscitation measures must be started when the victim shows signs of clinical death. The onset of clinical death can be due to the following signs:

Absence of a pulse on large veins, especially on a carotid artery, which is located on the neck.
Lack of breath.
Absence of pupils' reaction to light, their expansion. However, people who do not have medical education should not be guided to this point.

Remember that resuscitationmeasures are advisable only in the first 4, maximum 5 minutes after the onset of clinical death. In addition, the later artificial ventilation of the lungs and cardiac massage are started, the more the internal organs, especially the brain, will suffer from hypoxia. However, as sad as it may be, there are cases when resuscitation measures are of no use: for example, if more than 10 minutes have passed since the heart stopped. In such a case, even a miracle will not be able to resurrect a person, let alone resuscitation. The exception is those cases in which the heart stopped due to prolonged and severe hypothermia. In this case, the critical time increases to 30 minutes. Also, you should not do artificial respiration and indirect cardiac massage "just in case" - if the victim is unconscious, but the respiratory function and cardiac activity are not suppressed. The technique for carrying out resuscitation measures is as follows. In the event of clinical death, the victim must be laid on his back on a hard surface, something must be placed under the person's shoulders - for example, rolled-up clothing. This is necessary to prevent the victim's tongue from falling into the throat, which is an obstacle to artificial respiration. The person who will carry out resuscitation measures must sit to the left of the victim, place his hands on the heart area, crossing one over the other, and begin rhythmically pressing on the chest at a rate of one press per second. The meaning of cardiac massage is that the heart is squeezed between the spine and the chest from the pressure, as a result of which the blood is simply squeezed out of the heart cavities, thus maintaining blood circulation artificially. Thanks to indirect cardiac massage, blood circulation in the most important human vital organs, such as the heart and brain, is completely restored in the body of the victim. However, as is known, blood circulation is primarily necessary to supply the body with oxygen. And without breathing, there is nowhere for oxygen to come from in the blood. This is why it is necessary to do artificial respiration simultaneously with cardiac massage. When air is inhaled into the lungs, the body is supplied with oxygen and the risk of brain cell death is reduced. Before starting artificial respiration, it is necessary to first clear the victim's mouth and nose of foreign bodies, silt, sand, vomit or blood. After this, it is necessary to tightly pinch the victim's nose and breathe air into his mouth. After two, open the nose, after which a passive exhalation will occur. You can also do artificial respiration by holding your mouth closed and inhaling air through your nose. The effectiveness of the resuscitation measures can be judged by the following signs. Artificial respiration can be considered effective if:

At the injured person there are single respiratory movements. However, during this period it is still impossible to stop resuscitation.
Complete recovery of self-respiratory function. Only after this, the artificial ventilation of the lungs can be stopped.

And indirect cardiac massage is considered successful if cardiac activity is fully restored. You can judge whether this has happened by the following signs:

Change in the color of the skin.
Disappearance of cyanotic shade of visible mucous membranes and nail plates.

First aid for injuries

First aid for injuries is oftenallows you to save not only health, but also life. That is why it is so important to be able to properly and promptly provide first aid for injuries of any origin. Of course, there are general methods of providing assistance. However, it is very important to remember that first aid for a head injury is significantly different from first aid for a spinal injury. Some of the most common injuries are craniocerebral injuries, such as concussions and fractures of the vault or base of the skull. People often treat concussions rather frivolously, and in vain - this is a very serious brain injury. It most often occurs with closed craniocerebral injuries to the head as a result of a fall or a blow with a blunt object. Concussions are often accompanied by contusions of the brain. That is why if a person has a craniocerebral injury, first aid should be provided regardless of the victim's health. You can suspect that the victim has a concussion by the following symptoms:

Loss of consciousness, even short-term.
Nausea or vomiting, both single and multiple.
The injured person may complain of dizziness and noise in the ears.
A pronounced pallor of the skin can be visualized.
Often, the affected person notes increased drowsiness.
In more severe cases, short-term amnesia is possible - loss of memory.

If a person has a head injury, the first medicalassistance must be provided immediately. If the person is unconscious, before the paramedics arrive, be sure to turn the person on their side to prevent vomit from entering the respiratory tract and causing asphyxiation in the event of vomiting. However, if the victim is suspected of having a spinal injury, do not try to turn them on their side before the ambulance arrives - just turn their head on the side. After the victim has been given first aid for a head injury, they must be taken to a medical facility for a full examination and treatment. First aid for injuries must be provided strictly depending on the type of injury the victim has. For example, chest injuries are most common in car accidents, and first aid in this case would be as follows. Some of the most dangerous chest injuries are stab wounds to the chest. With stab wounds, you can observe symptoms such as pain in the chest, extremely difficult breathing, the appearance of bloody air bubbles from the wound. When the victim inhales, a whistling sound is heard, which occurs as a result of air being drawn into the wound. In the event that you are faced with this type of injury, first of all, it is necessary to close the wound. This is necessary so that the victim can breathe. To do this, seal the wound with an adhesive bandage, placing a dense material underneath that will not let air through. In the same case, if there is nothing suitable at hand, at least just press the wound with your hand. Then immediately call an ambulance. But even if a person has a milder chest injury, first aid should still be provided immediately. The next most common injury is rib fractures, which can be both simple and complex. With simple fractures, the injured area swells very quickly, there is severe pain, which increases many times during breathing movements. The only thing you can do yourself is to immobilize the injured person's arm on the side where the rib is broken. In some cases, there are more complex rib fractures, which entail damage to some internal organs. As a result, internal bleeding may begin. The person experiences severe thirst, difficulty breathing, and may bleed from the mouth. Your actions should be as follows: try to give the patient the most comfortable position possible, and also immobilize the arm. However, this can only be done if you are absolutely sure that the person's spine is not damaged. First aid for spinal injury should be provided with extreme caution, since moving the injured person before the ambulance team arrives can lead to even greater damage to the spine. You can suspect this type of injury if a person has symptoms such as:

Sharp pain in the neck or back.
Craniocerebral injury, accompanied by a long-term loss of consciousness.
Noticeable unnatural position of the neck or spine.
Numbness of limbs, inability to move them.

The very first thing that needs to be done isCall an ambulance immediately. Before the doctors arrive, the injured person's head must be immobilized. Any available means can be used for this - rolled up towels or clothing. If a person shows signs of clinical death, resuscitation measures must be started immediately, but one should try not to change the person's body position. First aid for abdominal trauma also depends on the type of injury the injured person has. There are two types of abdominal trauma:

Closed abdominal trauma.As a rule, most often a closed injury occurs as a result of a fall on the stomach or a blow to it. Very often, as a result of such a traumatic impact, the peritoneal vessels rupture and, as a consequence, internal bleeding develops. Most often, the liver, kidneys and spleen are affected. Signs of such an injury are sharp pain in the abdomen, strong involuntary tension of the abdominal muscles, pallor and loss of consciousness. In especially severe cases, traumatic shock may develop. It is necessary to help the victim take the most comfortable position for him and immediately call an ambulance. In no case should the victim be given anything to drink or any painkillers before the arrival of doctors. If possible, it is advisable to apply a cold compress to the abdomen.
Open abdominal injuries are called chippedpenetrating wounds, causing damage to the abdominal organs. In especially severe cases, loss of internal organs is possible. The most frequent are the loops of the intestine, as a result of which a traumatic shock develops very rapidly in the affected person.

Unfortunately, very often when seeing such woundsPeople who are near the injured person and do not have a medical education are confused and start to panic. In no case should you try to put the prolapsed internal organs back in place on your own - they must be covered with clean material and not touched until the ambulance arrives.

First medical aid for poisoning

First aid for poisoning,provided correctly, also allows to minimize the negative impact of toxins on the body, and sometimes save a person. However, when providing first aid for poisoning, it is necessary to know exactly what caused the poisoning of a person. First aid is most often provided for food poisoning. After all, this type of poisoning occupies a leading position. Most often, the cause of such poisoning is contamination of products with bacteria: botulism, E. coli, staphylococci or salmonella. The symptoms of such poisoning are as follows:

Nausea and vomiting.
Diarrhea.
Pain sensations of varying intensity in both the stomach and intestinal regions.

First aid for food poisoning is veryis simple - it is necessary to provide the sick person with bed rest, limit food intake for 24 hours, but ensure that the sick person drinks enough liquid to avoid dehydration. However, in some cases, first aid for food poisoning should be provided by medical workers:

If a child is less than 5 years old or an elderly person.
If a person has a fever of more than 39 degrees.
If vomiting is continuous, exhausting.
If signs of poisoning appeared after eating mushrooms.

One of the most dangerous is poisoning.mushrooms, first aid can often save a person's life. If the poisoning is caused by mushrooms, call an ambulance immediately. Before the doctors arrive, try to induce vomiting in the poisoned person. To do this, give him about a liter of water with potassium permanganate dissolved in it. Two or three crystals are enough for a liter of water - the solution should be pale pink. Be sure to give the remains of the mushrooms to the doctors. First aid for poisoning with tablets is provided in approximately the same way. However, it is necessary to reliably establish which tablets and in what quantities were taken by the poisoned person. This is especially difficult if the victim is a small child. When providing first aid for poisoning with tablets to children, it is necessary to remember that vomiting cannot be artificially induced in children under one year old, as this can lead to cardiac arrest! Be sure to give the packaging of the drug to the ambulance team. First aid for drug poisoning should be provided immediately. Drug poisoning develops very, very quickly - within 30 minutes. The victim experiences symptoms such as:

Cyanotic shade of skin.
The arms and legs are getting colder due to spasm of the blood vessels.
The patient falls into a pathological drowsy condition.

If first aid for drug poisoningis not provided in a timely manner, the sick person will very quickly experience convulsions, paralysis of the swallowing muscles and cardiac arrest. That is why it is advisable to provide first aid for drug poisoning as quickly as possible. However, unfortunately, it is almost impossible to do this at home, so you must immediately call an ambulance. Before the ambulance arrives, the only thing you can do is try to induce vomiting, apply ice to the head, and, on the contrary, place the feet in hot water. Do not let the person fall asleep under any circumstances. First aid for alcohol poisoning is necessary in cases where the poisoned person is in an alcoholic coma and does not respond to attempts to wake him up. If a person has alcohol poisoning, first aid will consist of the following:

Allow the victim to inhale ammonia. Continue to give sniff ammonia until he comes to himself.
After this, call the poisoned vomit, giving him a pre-drink water. However, it is possible to induce vomiting only if a person does not "fall into" sleep.
Apply a cold compress on your head.

Emergency first aid is also necessary for acute poisoning with chemicals. First aid for ammonia poisoning is necessary if the victim has:

Acute sore throat, dryness and perspiration.
Possible edema of the larynx and lungs.
In the event that a concentrated solution of ammonia got inside, there is a severe lesion and necrosis of the mucosa of the esophagus and stomach.

First aid for poisoning is aimed atElimination of the toxic effects of ammonia on the body. The affected areas of the skin and mucous membranes must be thoroughly washed with running water, the victim must be given warm milk with soda to drink and an ambulance must be called immediately. In the event of chlorine poisoning, first aid will consist of the following:

If chlorine gets on your skin or mucous membranes, immediately flush them with plenty of water.
If chlorine penetrated the body through the lungs, it is necessary to immediately stop its effects on a person, take the victim to fresh air and immediately call an ambulance.

First aid for mercury poisoning alsoconsists only in inducing vomiting in the victim. After this, you must immediately call an ambulance. Before the paramedics arrive, give the person activated charcoal at the rate of one tablet per 5 kg of weight. First aid for hydrogen sulfide poisoning consists of providing the victim with an influx of oxygen. In cases of severe poisoning, clinical death is possible. In this case, it is necessary to immediately begin resuscitation. First aid for smoke poisoning depends on the condition of the victim. If a person has carbon monoxide poisoning, first aid will consist of maintaining respiratory function and normal blood circulation. Remember that such poisoning also causes vomiting, so be sure to check for vomit in the victim's airways. Until the ambulance arrives, constantly monitor the person's breathing. At the first signs of impaired cardiac activity and breathing, immediately begin resuscitation. First aid for paint poisoning is carried out according to the same scheme as any first aid for poisoning with pesticides:

If a person inhales a couple of colors of paint, you must take it to fresh air.
If the paint has entered the body through the esophagus, it is necessary to induce vomiting, then immediately call an ambulance.

First aid for frostbite of the extremities

Frostbite is quite common.phenomenon. As a result of exposure of the skin to low temperatures, blood circulation is disrupted, and in more severe cases, vascular thrombosis with subsequent tissue necrosis. First aid for frostbite should be provided at the first symptoms, but, unfortunately, this is often not possible. This is explained by the fact that with frostbite, a person almost never experiences pain. Most often, first aid is needed for frostbite of the extremities, since they suffer most often. First aid for frostbite of the hands consists in the fact that the victim must be taken to a warm room. In no case should you start rubbing your hands with snow or anything else right in the cold, as this can lead to damage to the skin and subsequent inflammation. In the room, it is necessary to immerse your hands in cold water, gradually increasing its temperature. This is necessary so that blood circulation in the vessels is gradually restored. After sensitivity is restored, you can rub your hands with alcohol-containing liquids. However, when providing first aid for frostbite, never use pure alcohol, as this can cause a chemical burn. First aid for frostbite of the feet is provided in the same way, but you can add mustard powder to the foot bath. Often in winter, people get frostbite on their noses. First aid for frostbite of the nose is provided according to the same scheme as in all other cases of frostbite, but instead of alcohol, you must use any fatty cream. Once again, I would like to remind you of a simple rule - if you or your loved ones are faced with a situation that threatens life or health, the most important thing is not to lose calm and composure. And we sincerely hope that you will never have to put into practice the information received. We advise you to read: